a. 現在完成式與『for + 一段時間』所形成的副詞片語並用時, 句中的動詞必須有持續發生的特性。
例: He has lived here for ten years. (○)
(他住在這裡已有十年了。)
理由:
live表示『住』, 有『持續發生』的特性。我們可以說:『他每天都住在這裡, 連續住了十年。』故本例是正確的句子。
例: He has learned English for five months. (○)
(他學英語已有五個月之久。)
理由:
learn表示『學習』, 亦有『持續發生』的特性。我們可以說:『他每天都學英語, 連續學了五個月。』故本例是正確的句子。以上這些具有『持續發生』特性的動詞所造成的現在完成式亦可被現在完成進行式 (主詞 + have/has been + 現在分詞) 取代, 意思不變, 但現在完成進行式更強調動作的持續性。故以上兩例均可改寫為:
He has been living here for ten years.
He has been learning English for five months.
b. 動詞若無『持續發生』的特性, 仍能使用於現在完成式, 但不可與『for + 一段時間』所形成的副詞片語並用。
例: He has finished the work. (○)
(他已做完這工作了。)
He has finished the work for ten days. (╳)
(他做完這工作已有十天了。)
理由:
finish表示『做完』, 無『持續發生』的特性。我們不會說:『他每天做完這工作, 連續做完十天。』故上列第二例是錯誤的句子。
又例: He has married Jane. (○)
他娶了珍。
He has married Jane for ten years. (╳)
他娶了珍已有十年了。
理由:
marry表示『娶、嫁』, 無『持續發生』的特性。我們不會說:『他每天娶珍一次, 連續娶了十年。』故上列第二例是錯誤的句子。
又例: He has passed away. (○)
他已過世了。
He has passed away for a month. (╳)
他已過世一個月了。
理由:
pass away表示『過世』, 是die (死) 的委婉用語, 不論pass away或die, 均無『持續發生』的特性。我們不會說:『他每天都過世一次, 連續過世一個月。』故上列第二例是錯誤的句子。
c. 上列無『持續發生』特性的動詞可採下列句型, 以補救其無『持續發生』的特性:
It is + 一段時間 + since引導的過去式副詞子句
自從……以來已有……時間了
例: He has married Jane for ten years. (╳)
→It is ten years since he married Jane.(○)
= It has been ten years since he married Jane.
= Ten years have passed since he married Jane.
(他與珍結婚已有十年了。)
He has passed away for a month. (╳)
→It is a month since he passed away. (○)
= It has been a month since he passed away.
= A month has passed since he passed away.
(他過世已有一個月了。)
He has finished the work for ten days. (╳)
→It is ten days since he finished the work.
(○)
= It has been ten days since he finished the
work.
= Ten days have passed since he finished the
work.
(他做完這工作已有十天了。)
注意:
這些不具『持續發生』特性的動詞在現在完成式的句子結構中, 雖無法與『for + 一段時間』並用, 但我們仍可使用與這些動詞意思相同的形容詞, 置於be動詞的現在完成式 (即have been或has been) 之後, 表示持續發生的狀態, 句型如下:
主詞 + have/has been + 形容詞 + for + 一段時間
例: He has died for ten years. (╳)
→He has been dead for ten years. (○)
= It is ten years since he died.
(他已過世十年了。)
He has married Jane for five years. (╳)
→He and Jane have been married for five
years. (○)
= It is five years since he married Jane.
(他和珍結婚已有五年了。)
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