文法解析
本課介紹現在完成式及since的用法。
1.

Cliff and Bonnie have known each other for two years.

克里夫和邦妮彼此相識已有兩年了。

a. 現在完成式的句型

  主詞 + have/has + 過去分詞

  : He has finished the work.

    (他已經把工作做完了。)

    They haven't received his letter yet.

    (他們尚未收到他的信。)

b. 現在完成式的功能

1) 現在完成式可用以表示從過去某時一直持續到現在的動作。

   : I have lived here for ten years.

     (我住在這裡已有十年了。)

     He has learned English for only half a
     year, but he has made a lot of progress.

     (他英文才學了半年,但卻進步神速。)

2) 現在完成式亦可用以表示過去某時已完成的動作。

   : John has finished the work.

     (約翰已經把工作做完了。)

這句話籠統表示約翰在過去某時做完了這工作, 可能是在五分鐘前、昨天或上星期。然而現在完成式並不強調時間的明確性, 只強調到現在為止已完成的動作。故現在完成式不得與明確的過去時間副詞並用

: He has finished the work five minutesago. ()

  (他五分鐘前已把工作做完了。)

  原因: 有明確的過去時間副詞。

  He has told her the secret last month.()

  (他上個月已把祕密告訴了她。)

  原因: 有明確的過去時間副詞。

  以上兩句應改為:

  He has finished the work. ()

  (他已把工作做完了。)

  He has told her the secret. ()

  (他已把祕密告訴了她。)

注意:

明確的過去時間副詞在句中出現時, 時態應採過去式。

: He finished the work five minutes ago. ()

    (他五分鐘前已把工作做完了。)

  He told her the secret last month.()

     (他上個月把祕密告訴了她。)

3) 現在完成式亦可表示未來將完成的動作。此時表示 條件的副詞子句(多由if『如果……』、when『當 ……』、after『在……之後』、as soon as『一……就……』等連接詞引導) 採現在完成式, 而主句則採未來式。

 : If I have finished all the chores, I'll
   go fishing with you.

   (我若把所有的雜務做完之後,就會跟你去釣魚。)

   As soon as I have finished all the
   chores, I'll go fishing with you.

   (我一把所有的雜務做完,就會跟你去釣魚。)

   When I have finished all the chores, I'll
   go fishing with you.

   (我把所有的雜物做完的時候,就會跟你去釣魚。)

   After I have done all the chores, I'll go
   fishing with you.

   (我把所有的雜務做完之後,就會跟你去釣魚。)


2.

shy.使用現在完成式應注意事項

a. 現在完成式與『for + 一段時間』所形成的副詞片語並用時, 句中的動詞必須有持續發生的特性。

 : He has lived here for ten years. ()

    (他住在這裡已有十年了。)

理由:

live表示『住』, 有『持續發生』的特性。我們可以說:『他每天都住在這裡, 連續住了十年。』故本例是正確的句子。

 : He has learned English for five months. ()

    (他學英語已有五個月之久。)

理由:

learn表示『學習』, 亦有『持續發生』的特性。我們可以說:『他每天都學英語, 連續學了五個月。』故本例是正確的句子。以上這些具有『持續發生』特性的動詞所造成的現在完成式亦可被現在完成進行式 (主詞 + have/has been + 現在分詞) 取代, 意思不變, 但現在完成進行式更強調動作的持續性。故以上兩例均可改寫為:

  He has been living here for ten years.

  He has been learning English for five months.

b. 動詞若無『持續發生』的特性, 仍能使用於現在完成式, 但不可與『for + 一段時間』所形成的副詞片語並用。

 : He has finished the work. ()

    (他已做完這工作了。)

   He has finished the work for ten days. ()

    (他做完這工作已有十天了。)

理由:

finish表示『做完』, 無『持續發生』的特性。我們不會說:『他每天做完這工作, 連續做完十天。』故上列第二例是錯誤的句子。

  又例: He has married Jane. ()

     他娶了珍。

     He has married Jane for ten years. ()

     他娶了珍已有十年了。

理由:

marry表示『娶、嫁』, 無『持續發生』的特性。我們不會說:『他每天娶珍一次, 連續娶了十年。』故上列第二例是錯誤的句子。

  又例: He has passed away. ()

     他已過世了。

     He has passed away for a month. ()

     他已過世一個月了。

理由:

pass away表示『過世』, die () 的委婉用語, 不論pass awaydie, 均無『持續發生』的特性。我們不會說:『他每天都過世一次, 連續過世一個月。』故上列第二例是錯誤的句子。

c. 上列無『持續發生』特性的動詞可採下列句型, 以補救其無『持續發生』的特性:

  It is + 一段時間 + since引導的過去式副詞子句  

  自從……以來已有……時間了

 : He has married Jane for ten years. ()

  →It is ten years since he married Jane.()

  = It has been ten years since he married Jane.

  = Ten years have passed since he married Jane.

    (他與珍結婚已有十年了。)

   He has passed away for a month. ()

  →It is a month since he passed away. ()

  = It has been a month since he passed away.

  = A month has passed since he passed away.

    (他過世已有一個月了。)

  He has finished the work for ten days. ()

 →It is ten days since he finished the work.
  (
)

 = It has been ten days since he finished the
  work.

 = Ten days have passed since he finished the
  work.

    (他做完這工作已有十天了。)

注意:

這些不具『持續發生』特性的動詞在現在完成式的句子結構中, 雖無法與『for + 一段時間』並用, 但我們仍可使用與這些動詞意思相同的形容詞, 置於be動詞的現在完成式 (have beenhas been) 之後, 表示持續發生的狀態, 句型如下:

  主詞 + have/has been + 形容詞 + for + 一段時間

  : He has died for ten years. ()

   →He has been dead for ten years. ()

   = It is ten years since he died.

    (他已過世十年了。)

    He has married Jane for five years. ()

   →He and Jane have been married for five
    years. (
)

   = It is five years since he married Jane.

    (他和珍結婚已有五年了。)

 

3.

since的用法 

since可表示『由於』或『自從』。

a. 表示『由於』時, since是連接詞, 引導副詞子句, 修飾主要子句, 句中的時態不受特殊限制, 只要合乎句意即可。

  : Since I'm quite busy now, I don't think I
    can go to the movies with you.

  (由於我現在很忙,我想我不能跟你們去看電影。)

b. 表示『自從』時, since可作連接詞、介詞或副詞。用法如下:

1) 作連接詞:

since引導副詞子句, 修飾主要子句。副詞子句的時 態為過去時, 主要子句則為現在完成式或現在完成進行式。

   : Since he attended high school, he has
     worked very hard.

     (自從他唸中學後,他就很用功。)

     He has been learning English since he
     moved here.

     (他搬到這裡之後,就一直在學英語。)

2) 作介詞

since之後接名詞或動名詞作其受詞, 形成副詞片語,修飾主要子句。

   主要子句仍使用現在完成式或現在完成進行式。

   : Since attending high school, he has
     worked very hard.

     (自從唸中學後,他就很用功。)

     He has been learning English since
     moving here.

     (自從搬到這裡之後,他就一直在學英語。)

     He has been waiting for her since ten
     o'clock.

     (他自十點鐘就一直等候著她。)

3) 作副詞

since譯成『之後』, 置於完成式助動詞have/has之後或置於句尾, 乃由下列句子變化而成:

   : Since he moved here in 2002, he has been
     learning English.

     連接詞        明確的時間

 (他自從二○○二年搬到這裡之後,就一直在學英語。)

    = He moved here in 2002 and has since been                      副詞
     learning English.

 

    = He moved here in 2002 and has been                                   副詞
     learning English since.

 

(他於二○○二年搬到這裡,之後就一直在學英語。)

又例: Since I met her two days ago, I have been in          連接詞       明確的時間

love with her.

 

(自從我兩天前見到她後,我就與她墜入情網了。)

= I met her two days ago and have since been in

                  副詞

love with her.

 

= I met her two days ago and have been in love

with her since.

         副詞

 (我兩天前見到她,之後就與她墜入情網了。)

 


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