There are millions of people all over the world who smoke.

全世界有數以百萬計的人吸煙。

all over the world　　全世界, 世界各地

= around the world

= the world over

注意:

上述片語可作形容詞用, 置於名詞後, 修飾該名詞; 亦可作副詞用, 修飾句中動詞; 且使用the world over時, 其前不可再置介詞in, 即無"in the world over"的用法。

例: This brand of perfume can be bought all over the world.

  　= This brand of perfume can be bought around the world.

  　= This brand of perfume can be bought the world over.

  　   (這種牌子的香水世界各地都可買到。)

Most of these smokers have tried to quit smoking at least once in their lives, but in vain.

大多數的吸煙者一生中至少都有過一次嘗試戒煙的經驗, 但卻徒勞無功。

Many people have tried many different ways to kick the habit.　

很多人試過很多不同的方法來擺脫這個習慣。

That was two years ago and I haven't smoked a single cigarette since then.

那是兩年前的事了, 從那時起, 我就再沒抽過一根煙。

a. 現在完成式的句型:

　主語 + have/has + 過去分詞    已經……

例: I have seen that movie.

  　(我已經看過那部電影了。)

  　He has finished writing the letter.

  　(他已經寫完那封信了。)

b. 現在完成式的功能:

1) 現在完成式可用以表示到現在為止完成的動作。

例: I have just finished the work.

  　(我剛把工作做完。)

  　= He has gone on vacation.

  　(他已經度假去了。)

2) 現在完成式可用以表示到現在為止的經驗。

例: I have read that book twice.

  　(那本書我已看過兩次了。)

  　= Tom has been to America before.

  　(湯姆以前曾去過美國。)

3) 現在完成式可用以表示從過去某時一直持續到現在的動作或狀態。

例: Carl has worked here for five years.

  　(卡爾已經在這裡工作五年了。)

  　= I have studied English since 1994.

  　(我從一九九四年就開始學英文。)

c. 使用現在完成式時, 因現在完成式並不強調時間的明確性, 只強調到現在為止已完成的動作, 故現在完成式不得與明確的過去時間副詞並用; 明確的過去時間副詞在句中出現時, 時態應採過去式。

例: I have finished my homework ten minutes ago. (╳)

  　  原因: 有明確的過去時間副詞。

  → I finished my homework ten minutes ago. (○)

  　(我十分鐘前把功課作完了。)

  　John has graduated from college last year.(╳)

  　原因: 有明確的過去時間副詞。

  → John graduated from college last year. 　(○)

  　(約翰去年從大學畢業了。)

d. 現在完成式可單獨使用, 但過去完成式則不能單獨存在, 而要與另一過去式子句或表過去之副詞片語並用, 即在過去不同時間發生的兩種動作:

 　先發生的→用過去完成時

 　後發生的→用簡單過去式

　例: He has finished painting the house. (○)

　(他已經油漆完房子了。)

  　He had finished painting the house. (╳)

  → He said (that) he had finished painting the house. (○)

　(他說他已油漆完房子了。)

e. 瞬間動詞 (一瞬間動作便告完成的動詞) 使用完成式時, 不可與表持續性的時間副詞片語並用。但表示持續性動作的動詞則可與此類副詞片語並用。

例: He has lived here for five years. (○)

  　(他住在這裡已有五年。)　

理由:

他每天都住在這裡, 如此持續了五年, 故has lived是表持續性的動作,可與for five years並用。

  　He has died for five years. (╳)

  　(他死了五年。)

理由:

他每天都死一次, 如此持續了五年不合邏輯, die是瞬間動詞,不可能每天都發生, 故可用現在完成時, 但不得與for five years並用。

故我們可說:

  　He has died. (○)

但不得說:

  　He has died for five years. (╳)

補救之道:

  　It is five years since he died. (○)

  　= Five years have passed since he died.

  　(自他死後已有五年。)　

又例:

  　He has gone to Japan. (○)

  　(他已去了日本。)

  　He has gone to Japan for five years. (╳)

理由:

go是瞬間動詞, 故has gone to Japan表『已去了日本』, 不可能每天都去日本, 如此持續五年。

改正:

  　It is five years since he went to Japan. (○)

  　= Five years have passed since he went to Japan.

  　(自他去了日本後已過了五年。)