Smoking is bad in that it is harmful to one's health.

抽煙不好, 因為它有害健康。

上列句中的in that (因為) 是副詞連接詞, 而非『介詞in + that子句』, 即等於because之意, 但不同於because的是, in that使用時, 通常置於主要子句之後, 而不置於句首。而because引導的副詞子句則可置於主要子句之前, 兩子句間用逗點相隔, 或置於主要子句之後, 中間不置逗點。

例: Jogging is good for you in that it helps you keep fit.

　 (慢跑對人體很好，因為它有助你保持身體健康。)

　Because he is so shy, he seldom goes out with girls.

　= He seldom goes out with girls because he is so shy.

　(因為他很害羞，所以他很少和女孩子出去。)

In spite of the fact that doctors have even warned that it causes cancer, people still keep on smoking.

儘管醫師甚至已經警告說抽煙會致癌, 但人們還是照抽不誤。

in spite of...　　儘管/雖然……

=despite...

 ＊despite prep. 儘管

注意:

上述句構中的in spite of是片語介詞 (即數個字形成的介詞), despite是介詞, 其後可接名詞或動名詞作受詞, 但不可接that子句作受詞, 因為that引導的名詞子句不可作介詞的受詞。使用時, 須先在in spite of或despite之後加the fact作其受詞, 然後再接that子句, 此時的that子句乃其前the fact之同位語。

In spite of  the fact + that子句, 主要子句　　儘管/雖然……, ……

= Despite the fact + that子句, 主要子句

例: In spite of working two jobs, Mr. Chen can hardly make ends meet.

　= Despite working two jobs, Mr. Chen can hardly make ends meet.

　(儘管兼了兩份工作，陳先生幾乎還是入不敷出。)

　In spite of that I lent my friend US$1 million, his company went bankrupt. (╳)

　→In spite of the fact that I lent my friend  US$1 million, his company went bankrupt. (○)

　= Despite the fact that I lent my friend US$1 million, his company went bankrupt.

　(儘管我借給朋友一百萬美金，他的公司還是破產了。)

That they are doing this is immoral, don't you think?　

=It is immoral that they are doing this, don't you think?

他們這麼做是不道德的, 您不覺得嗎？