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a. who、whom
這兩個關係代名詞專門修飾人, 換言之, who、whom之前一定有一個表示人的名詞。who在子句中作主詞, whom則作受詞。
請先看下列的例子:
John is my good friend, he never lies. (╳)
約翰是我的好友，他從不說謊。
這是個錯誤的句子, 因為"John is my good friend"與"he never lies"分別是兩個獨立句子, 兩句僅有逗點相隔, 卻無連接詞連接。此時我們可將第二個句子的主詞he改為作主詞的關係代名詞who, 即成:
John is my good friend, who never lies. (○)
約翰是我的好友，他從不說謊。
請再看下列的例子:
John is my good friend, I trust him. (╳)
約翰是我的好友，我信任他。
這也是錯誤的句子, 因為"John is my good friend"與"I trust him"兩句僅有逗點相隔, 卻無連接詞連接。此時我們已知第二句的受詞him指的就是第一句句尾的my good friend, 故將him改為作受詞用的關係代名詞whom, 即成:
John is my good friend, I trust whom. (╳)
但關係代名詞應緊鄰被代替的名詞後, 故應將whom置於第二句主詞I之前, 即成:
John is my good friend, whom I trust. (○)
約翰是我的好友，我信任他。
b. which
which是用以代替除人以外一切事物 (如動物、植物、靜物、地方、概念等) 的關係代名詞, 在所引導的形容詞子句中, 可作主詞或受詞。使用時之前一定要有可被代替(除人以外)的名詞。
例: I love dogs, they are faithful to their
masters. (╳)
(我喜歡狗，牠們對主人很忠心。)
以上兩句無連接詞連接。應將第二個句子的主詞they改為which, 即成:
I love dogs, which are faithful to their
masters.
我喜歡狗，牠們對主人很忠心。
又例:
He doesn't study, it makes his father angry. (╳)
他不唸書，這點令他父親生氣。
以上兩句無連接詞連接。應將第二個句子的it改為which, 代替前面整個句子"He doesn't study"所表示的概念, 即成:
→He doesn't study, which makes his father angry. (○)
他不唸書, 這點令他父親生氣。
又例:
He lives in Taoyuan, I want to visit the city soon. (╳)
他住在桃園, 我希望很快能到這城市走一趟。
以上兩句無連接詞連接, 由於the city指的就是Taoyuan, 故the city應改為which, 即成:
He lives in Taoyuan, I want to visit which
soon. (╳)
由於關係代名詞均應緊鄰被代替的名詞之後, 故上句應改為:
He lives in Taoyuan, which I want to visit
soon. (○)
他住在桃園, 我希望很快能到這城市走一趟。
c. whose
whose是關係代名詞所有格, 代替his、her、their、its等人或物的代名詞所有格。whose之後應置名詞, 即"whose + 名詞"。"whose + 名詞"在所引導的形容詞子句中可作主詞或受詞。
例: He is John, his father is my teacher.( ╳)
(他是約翰，他的父親是我的老師。)
以上兩句無連接詞連接。應將his改為whose, 即成:
He is John, whose father is my teacher. (○)
他是約翰, 他的父親是我的老師。
又例:
He is John, I used to teach his son. (╳)
他是約翰, 我以前曾經教過他的兒子。
以上兩句無連接詞連接。應將his改為whose, 即成:
He is John, I used to teach whose son. (╳)
關係代名詞所有格與關係代名詞一樣, 均應緊鄰被代替的名詞之後, 故上句應改為:
He is John, whose son I used to teach. (○)
他是約翰, 我以前曾經教過他的兒子。
又例:
I like this watch, its workmanship is good. (╳)
我喜歡這只手錶, 它的做工不錯。
以上兩句無連接詞連接。應將its改為whose, 即成:
I like this watch, whose workmanship is good. (○)
我喜歡這只手錶, 它的做工不錯。
d. that
that亦可作關係代名詞, 可等於who、whom或which。但that之前不可置逗點。who、whom或which之前則視需要置逗點或不置逗點。
例: He is the man whom you can trust.
= He is the man that you can trust.
(他是你可以信賴的人。)
She really likes people who are easygoing
and sincere.
= She really likes people that are easygoing
and sincere.
(她實在喜歡隨和又誠懇的人。)
Where is the watch which I bought
yesterday?
= Where is the watch that I bought yesterday?
(我昨天買的那只手錶在哪裡？)
John is my friend, that I trust. (╳)
→John is my friend, whom I trust. (○)
(約翰是我的朋友，我信任他。)
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