a. 試比較下列兩句:
She is easy to get along with others. (╳)
她很容易與別人相處。
→She is willing to get along with others. (○)
她願意與別人相處。
以上兩句的句子結構完全一樣, easy (容易的)、willing (願意的) 均為形容詞, 皆作主詞補語, get along with皆有受詞others。但第一句是錯誤的, 第二句卻是正確的。理由何在?這完全與作主詞補語的形容詞有關。
b. 請注意下列的句型:
人 + be動詞 + 形容詞 + to + 原形動詞
在上列的句型中, 形容詞必須有『出自某人心中的意願』的涵義。
常用的這些形容詞有willing (願意的)、glad (樂意的)、eager (渴望的)、longing (渴望的)、anxious (渴望的)。這些形容詞之後要接虛詞to引導的不定詞片語。片語中若原形動詞是不及物動詞, 之後不得置受詞; 若原形動詞是及物動詞, 之後應置受詞; 若片語語尾有介詞, 亦應置受詞。
例: He is willing to go. (○)
(他願意去。)
理由: go是不及物動詞, 之後無需接受詞。
He is eager to do. (╳)
理由: do是及物動詞, 故之後須接受詞。
→He is eager to do it. (○)
(他亟欲做這件事。)
理由: do之後已有it作受詞。
He is glad to do it with. (╳)
理由: with是介詞, 之後應有受詞。
→He is glad to do it with me. (○)
(他樂意與我做這件事。)
理由: with之後有me作受詞。
由上得知:
She is willing to get along with others. (○)
理由: with是介詞, others作其受詞。
c. easy (容易的)、difficult (困難的)、hard (困難的) 等形容詞, 是修飾事情的形容詞, 不可用來修飾人。
例: He is easy. (╳)
人
(他很容易。──無此用法)
The job is easy. (○)
事
(這工作很容易。)
Singing is hard for me. (○)
事
(對我來說唱歌很困難。)
To do the work is easy. (○)
事
(做這工作很容易。)
以上例句中, 我們可用名詞 (The job)、動名詞 (Singing)、或不定詞片語 (To do the work) 作主詞, be動詞之後可接easy、hard (或difficult) 等形容詞作主詞補語。
d. 不定詞片語作主詞時, 若該片語最後一個字是受詞, 可將該受詞變作主詞, 片語的其餘部份則移至句尾。該主詞仍同時作句尾及物動詞或介詞的受詞。
例: To do the work is hard.
主詞
(做這工作很難。)
在上例中, the work是不定詞片語中動詞do的受詞, 故可變作主詞, To do則移至句尾, 即成:
The work is hard to do.
(這工作很難做。)
在上句中, The work仍作句尾do的受詞。故不可寫成:
例: The work is hard to do it. (╳, it是多餘的受詞)
To get along with her is easy.
(跟她相處很容易。)
在上例中, her是不定詞片語中介詞with的受詞, 故可變作主詞 (但須將her改成主格形態she), To get along with則移至句尾, 即成:
She is easy to get along with.
(她很容易相處。)
在上句中, she仍作句尾with的受詞。故不可寫成:
She is easy to get along with others. (╳, others是多餘的受詞)
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