文法解析
本課介紹可作介詞的現在分詞及名詞同位語的用法。
1.

He discovered many rivers, lakes and mountains, including the Victoria Falls, the biggest waterfall in the world.

他發現了許多河流、湖泊和山巒, 包括世界上最大的瀑布──維多利亞瀑布。

此處including雖是現在分詞的形態, 實際卻是介詞, 表示『包括』的意思, 使用時通常其前置一逗點, 其後置受詞。若受詞在句尾, 則之後置句點。若受詞在句中, 之後置逗點。

a. 受詞置句尾:

  : He has many hobbies, including singing and
    stamp collecting.

    (他有許多愛好,包括唱歌和集郵。)

b. 受詞置句中:

  : A few students, including John, passed the
    exam.

    (包括約翰在內,有幾名學生考及格了。)

2.

除including以外, 有少數現在分詞亦可作介詞用, 常用的有regarding及concerning, 均表示『有關』的意思, 這兩個介詞多出現於文章中, 與on (有關) 同義。about亦可表示『有關』, 多用於口語中。 

: He is writing a paper

regarding

concerning

on

air pollution.

   (他正在寫一篇有關空氣污染的論文。)

   Tell us more about his background.

   (多告訴我們一些有關他的背景。)

3.

名詞同位語的用法

...including the Victoria Falls, the biggest waterfall in the world.

……包括世界上最大的瀑布──維多利亞瀑布。

上列句中, the biggest waterfall in the world就是the Victoria Falls的名詞同位語。

a. 所謂名詞同位語, 就是在名詞之後另置一名詞, 而兩個名詞地位相等。此時我們稱第二個名詞為第一個名詞的同位語。

  : I like John, a friend of mine.

    (我喜歡約翰,他是我的朋友。)

本句中a friend of mineJohn的同位語。由於John在句中作受詞, 故我們稱a friend of mine為受詞同位語。

又例: John, an English professor, teaches very well.

        (約翰是英教授,書教得很好。)

本句中an English professorJohn的同位語。由於John在句中作主詞, 故我們稱an English professor為主詞同位語。

  又例: He is John, my idol.

        (他是約翰,也是我的偶像。)

     *idol n. 偶像

本句中my idolJohn的同位語。由於John在句中作主詞補語, 故我們稱my idol為補語同位語。

b. 名詞同位語乃由下列形容詞子句簡化而成:

  who/which + be動詞+名詞

  : I like John, who is a friend of mine.

   = I like John, a friend of mine.

    John, who is an English professor, teaches
    very well.

   = John, an English professor, teaches very
    well.

    He is John, who is my idol.

   = He is John, my idol.

又例: The dandelion, which is a small wild flower,
   can be found almost everywhere.

  = The dandelion, a small wild flower, can
    be found almost everywhere.

   (蒲公英是一種小野花,幾乎到處可以見到。)

     *dandelion n. 蒲公英

 I enjoy reading The Old Man and the Sea, which is a classic by Ernest Hemingway.

= I enjoy reading The Old Man and the Sea, a classic  by Ernest Hemingway.

 (我喜歡看《老人與海》,那是海明威的經典之作。)

     *classic n. 傑作; 經典之作


 Horses, which are animals that were once used for transportation, have been replaced by cars.

= Horses, animals that were once used for transportation, have been replaced by cars.

 (馬是一度曾被用作運輸的動物,現在已被汽車取代了。)


故本課閱讀原文中:

...including the Victoria Falls, the biggest waterfall in the world.

= ...including the Victoria Falls, which is the biggest waterfall in the world.

c. 由於名詞同位語均由非限定形容詞子句 (即關係代名詞whowhich之前要有逗點) 簡化而成, 故名詞同位語之前亦應有逗點。若名詞同位語在句中出現時, 之後亦應置逗點; 若在句尾出現時則置句點。

句中:

  : David, a historian, knows a lot about the
    history of China.

    (大衛是史學家,對中國史很瞭解。)

句尾:

  : Here comes Rover, my pet dog.

    (我的愛犬來福來了。)



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