文法解析
本課介紹由疑問詞引導的名詞子句之形成及其用法, 以及表示『第一點』、『第二點』等序數詞的用法。
1.

It depends on how you study it.  那要看你如何去學習。

上列句中, how you study it是疑問詞引導的名詞子句。此類名詞子句均由疑問詞 (what, when, who, how, why, where) 引導的問句轉變而成,茲就其形成及用法分述如下:

a. 疑問句如何轉變為名詞子句:


問句有be動詞時:

 主詞與be動詞還原, 前面保留疑問詞。

Where is she?

  (她在哪裡?)

  →where she is

  (她在哪裡)


問句有一般助動詞 (willcanmay) :

 主詞與助動詞還原, 前面保留疑問詞。

When will you leave?

  (你何時離開?)

  →when you will leave

  (你何時離開)


問句有dodoesdid等助動詞時:

此類疑問句變成名詞子句時, 先保留句首的疑問詞, dodoes did去掉, 其後的原形動詞則按主詞人稱及時態作變化。

Where does he live?

  (他住在哪裡?)

  →where he lives

  (他住在哪裡)

  What did you buy?

  (你買了什麼?)

  →what you bought

  (你買了什麼)


注意
:

在疑問句中, 若疑問代名詞who, what, which作主詞, 則疑問句變成名詞子句時, 句子結構不變。

Who will go?

  (誰會去?)

  →who will go

  (誰會去)

  What happened?

  (發生了什麼事?)

  →what happened

  (發生了什麼事)

  Which was bought?

  (哪個被買走?)

  →which was bought

  (哪個被買走)

由上述得知, 本文中的"how you study it"乃由問句"How do you study it?"變化而成。


b. 名詞子句的功能:

名詞子句應被視為名詞, 故與名詞一樣, 在句中可作主詞、受詞、或置於be動詞後作主詞補語。


作主詞

Where he lives remains a mystery.

                 主詞

  (他住在哪裡仍是個謎。)

注意:

名詞子句作主詞時, 往往會形成主詞過大的現象, 因此可用虛主詞it代替, 置於句首, 而被代替的名詞子句則置於句尾。故上列例句亦可寫為:

It remains a mystery where he lives.


作受詞

I don't know why she is crying.

                  及物動詞  受詞

  (我不知道她為什麼哭。)

  I didn't pay attention to what you were saying.

                                    介詞      受詞

  (我沒留意你在說什麼。)


置於be動詞後作主詞補語

The problem is how we can get there.

                主詞補語

  (問題是我們要怎麼到那裡去。)

2.

...First, don't be afraid to make mistakes....Second, you must not be shy.

……首先, 別怕犯錯。……其次, 千萬不要害羞。

上列句中, FirstSecond為序數詞, 分別表示『第一點、首先』及『第二點、其次』的意思, 用於陳列重點, 或陳述概念、想法時。

When you are at the beach, play safe. First, don't swim too far out.

  Second, don't swim immediately after eating.

  (當你在海灘的時候,要以安全為上。首先,不要游得太遠。其次,吃完東西後不要馬上游泳。)


注意:

a. FirstSecondThird...亦可改用FirstlySecondlyThirdly...替代。

另外, First亦可等於First of all, 但無Second/Third...of all的用法。故上列例句亦可改寫為:

When you are at the beach, play safe. Firstly, don't swim too far. Secondly, don't swim immediatly after eating.


b. 常常有些人會將at firstfirst混為一談, 但這是錯誤的。at first使用於一般過去式中, 用以敘述過去的狀態, 表『起初』之意, first則用以強調次序的概念, 故兩者用法不同。in the end則表『最後』, 常與at first 搭配使用。

At first, the new student felt out of place. In the end, he became one of us.

  (起初,那個新來的學生覺得格格不入。最後,他和我們打成一片。)

EX english 數位英語學院