Millions of families have trouble falling asleep.

數以百萬的家庭都有難以入睡的困擾。

a. millions of + 複數名詞　　數以百萬計的……

　hundreds of + 複數名詞　　數以百計的……

　thousands of + 複數名詞　　數以千計的……

　tens of thousands of + 複數名詞 (係從ten thousand『一萬』變化而成)　　數以萬計的……

　hundreds of thousands of + 複數名詞 (係從one hundred thousand『十萬』變化而成)

　數以十萬計的……

　tens of millions of + 複數名詞 (係從ten million『千萬』變化而成)

　數以千萬計的……

　＊上列片語中的複數名詞前不可置定冠詞the或所有格my, his, her...等。

例: Thousands of the fans were at the airport to welcome the soccer team. (╳)

　→Thousands of fans were at the airport to welcome the soccer team. (○)

　(數以千計的球迷在機場歡迎該足球隊的蒞臨。)

　This new sports car costs tens of thousands of US dollars.

　(這部新跑車價值好幾萬美元。)

注意:

hundred, thousand, million作形容詞時, 之前可置數字, 但hundred, thousand, million後不可加-s, 其後直接置名詞。

例: Two hundreds people applied for the job. (╳)

　→Two hundred people applied for the job. (○)

　(有兩百人應徵那份工作。)

　About six million Jews died in World War II.

　(大約有六百萬名猶太人死於二次世界大戰中。)

　　類似用法:

注意:

在上述用法中, have trouble/difficulty/problems/a hard time/a good time/fun之後理論上有一介詞in, 故其後須接動名詞作其受詞, 而不可接不定詞 (to + 原形動詞), 但實際使用時, in一律不可寫出, 而直接接動名詞。

例: Bob has trouble to understand his teacher's English. (╳)

　→Bob has trouble understanding his teacher's English. (○)

　(鮑勃很難聽懂他老師的英文。)

　 Mr. Chen has problems to make ends meet. (╳)

　→Mr. Chen has problems making ends meet.(○)

　(陳先生難以使收支平衡。)

　I always have a good time to visit my old friends. (╳)

　→I always have a good time visiting my old friends. (○)

　(我去看老朋友時總是很開心。)

There's someone in the family who has a snoring problem.

家中有個人有打鼾的毛病。

Drinking alcohol near bedtime is something which also causes snoring.

接近上床時間喝酒也會引起打鼾。

Changing the position in which the snorer sleeps also helps.

改變打鼾者的睡姿也會有所幫助。

上列句中的who及which所引導的子句稱為形容詞子句, 各修飾之前的名詞someone、something及position。who及which稱作關係代名詞。

注意:

關係代名詞具有連接詞的功能, 用以引導形容詞子句, 修飾之前的名詞。關係代名詞共有who、whom、which三種, 茲分項說明如下:

a. 修飾人用who或whom:

例: He is the person who can solve the problem.

　　　　　　　　　主格

　(他是能夠解決這個問題的人。)

　＊who引導的形容詞子句修飾其前的名詞the person。

　He is a man whom I enjoy working with.

　　　　　　受格

　(他是那種我喜歡與之共事的人。)

　＊whom引導的形容詞子句修飾其前的名詞a man。

b. 修飾事物用which:

例: No one will buy a book which is poorly written.

                           　　 　　主格

　(沒有人會買一本寫得很爛的書。)

　＊which引導的形容詞子句修飾其前的名詞a book。

　I have found the watch which you lost yesterday.

　　　　　　　　　　　受格

　(我發現了你昨天丟掉的那隻手錶。)

　＊which引導的形容詞子句修飾其前的名詞the watch。

使用關係代名詞時, 要注意下列要點:

a. 關係代名詞前一定要有先行詞 (名詞)。

b. 關係代名詞在其引導的形容詞子句中要作主詞或受詞。

c. 否則關係代名詞前一定要有介詞, 而該介詞通常可移至句尾, 此時可省略關係代名詞。

　＊由於who是主格, 故在形容詞子句中要作主詞, 而whom是受格, 故

　在形容詞子句中只能作受詞; which在其引導的形容詞子句中則可作主詞或受詞。

例: Never trust people who break their promises easily.

          　　　　　 　主詞

　(絕不要信任輕易背信的人。)

　He is a man whom you can trust.

　　　　　　　受詞

　(他是你可以信任的那種人。)

　He is a man whom I enjoy working. (╳)

　＊在本例的形容詞子句"whom I enjoy working"中, 已有主詞I, 而working乃不及物動詞變成的動名詞, 故whom無法作其受詞, 此時關係代名詞之前應置介詞。

　→He is a man with whom I enjoy working. (○)

　= He is a man (whom) I enjoy working with.

　(他是我喜歡與之共事的人。)

　或: He is a man for whom I enjoy working. (○)

　= He is a man (whom) I enjoy working for.

　(他是我很樂意替他工作的人。)

　He has a watch which was made in Switzerland.

　　　　　　　　主詞

　(他有一只瑞士製的手錶。)

　This is a problem which we should notice.

　　　　　　　　　受詞

　(這是個我們應該注意的問題。)

　The apartment which I live is very small. (╳)

　＊在本例的形容詞子句"which I live"中, 已有主詞I, 而live是不及物動詞, 故which無法作其受詞, 此時which之前就應有介詞。

　→The apartment in which I live is very small. (○)

　= The apartment (which) I live in is very small.

　(我住的那間公寓很小。)

關係代名詞的限定修飾與非限定修飾之別:

a. 限定修飾

普通名詞若不具特殊性, 而欲加強其特殊性時, 可用形容詞子句加以修飾, 但形容詞子句之前不得置逗點。翻譯時, 先譯形容詞子句 (譯成『……的』), 再譯被修飾的名詞。

例: I like the student who studies hard.

　　　　　　　　　 限定修飾

　(我喜歡那個用功的學生。)

　I know a college which is famous for its excellent facilities.

　　　　　　　　    　  限定修飾

　(我知道一所以其完善的設備而聞名的大學。)

b. 非限定修飾

專有名詞 (如: Peter、Bill、Taipei等) 及獨一性名詞, 如: father (爸爸只有一個)、mother (媽媽只有一個), 之後若接關係代名詞引導的形容詞子句時, 該關係代名詞之前一定要置逗點, 此時該形容詞子句就稱為非限定修飾語。換言之, 專有名詞或獨一性名詞本身就具有特殊性, 不必再用形容詞子句加以限定。

例: I met Nancy, who is an old friend of mine.

　　　專有名詞      非限定修飾

　(我遇到南西,她是我的一位舊識。)

　She has just come back from New York, which is a very

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　專有名詞

　big city in the States.

　　　非限定修飾

　(她剛從紐約回來，那是美國的一個大城市。)

　That is my only son, who is attending senior high school.

              獨一性名詞          非限定修飾

　(那是我的獨生子，他正在唸高中。)

c. 但若一般名詞前已有形容詞加以修飾而具有特殊性, 如: a good person (好人)、a great man (偉人) 等, 或該名詞本身就具有特殊性, 如: gentleman (紳士, 君子)、rascal(流氓)等, 則該名詞之後的形容詞子句可用非限定修飾 (即在關係代名詞前置逗點), 以減低該子句的重要性; 但亦可採限定修飾 (即關係代名詞前不置逗點), 以更增加被修飾的名詞之特殊性。

例: He is a good student, who studies hard.──非限定修飾

　(他是個好學生，很用功。)

　或: He is a good student who studies hard.──限定修飾

　(他是個用功的好學生。)

　He is a gentleman, who always keeps his promises.──非限定修飾

　(他是個君子，總是信守承諾。)

　或: He is a gentleman who always keeps his promises.──限定修飾

　(他是個信守承諾的君子。)

that亦可用來當作關係代名詞, 取代who、whom或which, 但使用時有兩個條件:

a. that之前不可有逗點, 換言之, that僅出現在限定修飾的形容詞子句中。

b. that之前亦不可有介詞。

例: I like Tom, that studies hard. (╳)

　 →I like Tom, who studies hard. (○)

　(我喜歡湯姆，他很用功。)

　I like the girl who is standing over there.

　= I like the girl that is standing over there.

　(我喜歡站在那裡的那個女孩。)

　He is a man whom we all respect.

　= He is a man that we all respect.

　(他是個我們全都尊敬的人。)

　This is the car which he bought yesterday.

　= This is the car that he bought yesterday.

　(這就是他昨天買的那部車。)

　He is the man with that I enjoy working. (╳)

　→He is the man with whom I enjoy working. (○)

　(他是我樂於共事的人。)

which亦可用來代替前面整個句子, 此時which之前一定要置逗點。

例: He is a hardworking student, which everyone knows.

　(大家都知道，他是個用功的學生。)

作受格的whom或which (含that) 在限定修飾的句構中可予以省略。

例: That is the man whom (或 that) I met yesterday.

　= That is the man I met yesterday.

　(那就是我昨天遇到的那個人。)

　I like the movie which (或that) we went to last night.

　= I like the movie we went to last night.

　(我喜歡我們昨晚去看的那部電影。)

在限定修飾的形容詞子句中, 若子句句首介詞時, 之後的關係代名詞不可省略, 但介詞亦可移至句尾, 此時可省略該關係代名詞。

例: This is the apartment in which I live.

　 = This is the apartment which I live in.

　 = This is the apartment I live in.

　(這就是我住的公寓。)

　Tom is a nice man with whom I enjoy working.

　 = Tom is a nice man whom I enjoy working with.

　 = Tom is a nice man I enjoy working with.

　(湯姆是個我喜歡共事的好人。)