文法解析
本課介紹地方副詞 (片語) 置於句首時, 其後須採倒裝句構的用法, 並介紹 "not to mention" (更不用說) 的用法, 另介紹獨立不定詞片語"to make matters worse" (更糟的是) 的用法。
1.

In the heart of America, in the states of Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana, live some people who are not your typical Americans.

= Some people who are not your typical Americans live in the heart of America, in the states of Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana.

在美國的心臟地帶,也就是賓夕凡尼亞州、俄亥俄州和印第安納州, 住著一些非典型的美國人。

上列句中的some people who...Americans是主詞, live是不及物動詞, in the heart of...Indiana是地方副詞片語。

本句使用了倒裝句構, 因地方副詞或地方副詞片語若置於句首時, 其後的句子須倒裝。倒裝原則如下:

a. 主詞 + 不及物動詞 + 地方副詞 (片語)

 → 地方副詞 (片語) + 不及物動詞 + 主詞

 *本句即屬此用法。
: Bill     stood     there.

 主詞   不及物動詞     地方副詞

 → There     stood     Bill.

 地方副詞   不及物動詞    主詞

 (比爾站在那兒。)

 An old monk   lives   in that old temple.

  主詞           不及物動詞   地方副詞片語

 → In that old temple      lives     an old monk.

    地方副詞片語        不及物動詞      主詞

 (那座古剎裡住了一位老和尚。)

 

 

b. 主詞 + be動詞 + 過去分詞 + 地方副詞 (片語)

 → 地方副詞 (片語) + be動詞 + 過去分詞 + 主詞

: A small village is     located         on the top of the
   mountain.

  主詞      be動詞      過去分詞   地方副詞片語

   On the top of the mountain is        located      a small
   village.

   地方副詞片語        be動詞   過去分詞        主詞

   (山頂上座落著一個小村莊。)

 

 

c. 主詞 + be動詞 + 現在分詞 + 地方副詞 (片語)

 → 現在分詞 + 地方副詞 (片語) + be動詞 + 主詞

: My classmates   are playing baseball  over there.

   主詞         be動詞  現在分詞       地方副詞片語

 → Playing baseball  over there   are         my
   classmates.

   現在分詞    地方副詞片語      be動詞  主詞

   (在那兒打棒球的是我的同學。)


注意
:

1) 上述句型中, 若主詞為代名詞 (itheshe...) , 則不可採倒裝句; 換言之, 地方副詞仍可放在句首, 但其後句子不倒裝, 而地方副詞片語則不宜放在句首。

 :She sat there.

 → There she sat.

 (她坐在那兒。)

 In front of our house stood he. ( )

 → In front of our house he stood. ()

 → He stood in front of our house. ()

 (他站在我們家面前。)

 

2) 地方副詞 (片語) 置於句首的倒裝句構其好處在於:

 : John, who came here to visit me the other day, is
    standing by the window. (
)

  → Standing by the window is John, who came here to visit
    me the other day. (
)

  (站在窗邊的那個人是約翰,他前幾天來這裡看過我。)

    A boy with a dog behind him sat over there. ()

  → Over there sat a boy with a dog behind him. ()

  (有個男孩坐在那邊,後面跟著一條狗。)

 

2.

They don't use electric lights, either, not to mention telephones.

他們也不使用電燈, 更別說是電話了。

not to mention...  更不用說……(用於肯定句與否定句中)

= not to speak of...

= to say nothing of...

let alone...  更不用說……(用於否定句中)

= much less...


注意:

在上列用法中, not to mentionnot to speak ofto say nothing of在肯定句與否定句中均可使用, 且因分別含有及物動詞mention及介詞of, 故其後須接名詞或動名詞作受詞; let alonemuch less則只能用於否定句中, 且因其有連接詞的作用, 故其後應置與其前相同的詞類。

:

I love apple pies,

not to mention

not to speak of

to say nothing of

apples.

(我喜歡蘋果派,更不用說蘋果了。)

 

John can't sing,

not to mention

not to speak of

to say nothing of

dancing.

 

 

= John can't sing,
      原形動詞

let alone

much less

dance.

原形動詞

(約翰不會唱歌,更別說是跳舞了。)

 

Peter doesn't enjoy singing,

not to mention

to say nothing of

not to speak of

dancing.

 

= Peter doesn't enjoy singing,
動名詞

let alone

much less

dancing.

動名詞

(彼得不喜歡唱歌,更別說是跳舞了。)

 

3.

And, to make matters worse, they don't speak English but German among themselves.

更糟的是, 他們彼此之間不用英文交談, 而是用德文。

上列句中的to make matters worse (更糟的是) 為不定詞片語, 用於修飾整個主要子句, 使用時, 通常置於句首, 後加逗點, 再接主要子句。

to make matters worse, 主要子句 

更糟的是,……(用於壞的方面)

= what's (even/far) worse, 主要子句

 

what's (even/far) better, 主要子句 

更棒的是,……(用於好的方面)

 

what's more, 主要子句 

而且/此外,……(好、壞方面均可使用)

= moreover, 主要子句

=furthermore, 主要子句

 

: Jerry has a bad headache. To make matters worse, he has
   an important interview this morning.

   = Jerry has a bad headache. What's even worse, he has
   an important interview this morning.

 (傑瑞頭痛得厲害;更糟的是,他今早有個重要的面試。)

 

 James finally found the woman he wants to marry. What's
 better, she is rich.

 (詹姆士終於找到了結婚對象;更棒的是,她很有錢。)

 

 The man knew that it was a stolen watch. Moreover, he
 knew who had stolen it.

 (那名男子知道這是只贓錶;而且他還知道是誰偷的。)

 


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